UCLA researchers evaluate the impact of pandemic on Medi-Cal’s Whole Person Care Program
Study finds fewer emergency department visits and hospitalizations, and more outpatient telehealth visits in 2020
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UCLA CHPR Communications Team
Nearly 2.3 million confirmed COVID-19 cases and 25,986 related deaths were reported in 2020 in California alone. Larger numbers of cases and deaths were among lower-income populations, including Medi-Cal beneficiaries.
Researchers at the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research (CHPR) examined how the pandemic impacted service utilization under the Whole Person Care (WPC) Program, a statewide Medi-Cal demonstration launched in 2016 to integrate medical, behavioral health, and social services for high-utilizing Medi-Cal beneficiaries. Authors also reported how WPC implementation changed in 2020.
The authors found that 4.1% of WPC enrollees or 8,738 program participants had at least one COVID-19-related service. Findings showed demographic and health differences between those with and without the COVID-19 diagnosis. For example, more of those with severe mental illness or substance use disorders (5.5%) had COVID-19 diagnoses. In addition, patients with the diagnosis had higher use of primary care (42%) vs. emergency department visits (33%).
Researchers also found reduced use of primary and specialty care services following stay-at-home orders in 2020 and compared to 2019, followed by an increase in number of telehealth visits later in the pandemic. Data show a reduced use of emergency department visits and hospitalizations following the stay-at-home orders and to the end of 2020.
The changes in service use occurred with 25 Whole Person Care Pilots, or sites participating in the program. Pilots reported challenges in delivering WPC services because of pandemic-related shutdowns and physical distancing requirements that hampered abilities to deliver in-person services (20 pilots); hiring freezes (17); reduced ability to conduct field-based outreach to engage patients experiencing homelessness (16); and safety concerns and staff being reassigned to other COVID-response activities (17). Despite these challenges, pilots reported continued enrollment under WPC, easier access to enrollees at their homes (18 pilots), increased opportunities to house enrollees, and improved relationships with community partners to deliver care to individuals at higher-risk of contracting COVID-19.
“Our findings highlighted how the pandemic impacted health care utilization of WPC enrollees in 2020 and the efforts undertaken by pilots to manage pandemic-related disruptions to delivery of WPC services,” said Nadereh Pourat, PhD, lead author of the study and associate director at UCLA CHPR. She also leads the Center’s Health Economics and Evaluation Research Program, which is in charge of evaluating the Whole Person Care Program and other Medi-Cal demonstrations by the California Department of Health Care Services.
Other key findings from the study include:
- Overall enrollment increased by 25.1% from December 2019 through December 2020 — 77,198 vs. 96,563 enrollees, respectively.
- Patients with a COVID-19 diagnosis were more often women (47% vs 44%), ages 50 to 64 (35% vs 31%), and Latinx (42% vs 26%) compared to those without.
- The number of emergency department visits declined in April 2020 compared to April 2019 (202 vs. 143 visits) and stayed lower in December 2020 compared to December 2019 (198 vs. 141 visits).
- Trends in daily hospitalizations from COVID-19 mirrored trends in confirmed cases, peaking at 18 and 52 hospitalizations per 100,000 in July 2020 and December 2020, respectively.
- Before the pandemic, less than 0.1% of primary care and specialty health services were delivered via telehealth. This rate increased to 2% of primary and 3% of specialty services in March 2020, and 9% of primary and 10% of specialty services in December 2020.
Pourat stated that the pandemic-related disruptions would not be a major barrier to evaluating the impact of WPC in California. The program evaluation findings are used by Medi-Cal to guide the implementation of the upcoming Enhanced Care Management benefit under a major overhaul of Medi-Cal starting in 2022.
“These findings show the value of Whole Person Care’s infrastructure and that it serves as an effective model for future Medi-Cal programs,” she said. “Our broader evaluation findings also support the possibility that beneficiaries enrolled in this program may have less demand for care coordination and housing support services than Medi-Cal beneficiaries not enrolled during the transition to the California Advancing and Innovating Medi-Cal initiative, better known as CalAIM, starting this month.”
Read the Publications:
- Policy Brief: Whole Person Care Program Successfully Navigated Around COVID-19 Challenges in 2020
- Infographic
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About the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research
The UCLA Center for Health Policy Research (CHPR) is one of the nation’s leading health policy research centers and the premier source of health policy information for California. UCLA CHPR improves the public’s health through high quality, objective, and evidence-based research and data that informs effective policymaking. UCLA CHPR is the home of the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) and is part of the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health.